scratch

• n. 擦伤；抓痕；刮擦声；乱写
• adj. 打草稿用的；凑合的；碰巧的
• vt. 抓；刮；挖出；乱涂
• vi. 抓；搔；发刮擦声；勉强糊口；退出比赛

可能来自中古英语 scratten,抓，挠，最终来自 PIE*sker,砍，切，削，刮，词源同 scar,scrape.

scratch

scratch: [15] Early Middle English had two words for ‘scratch’ – scrat and cratch; and it seems likely that scratch represents a blend of them. Where exactly they came from is not clear, although cratch is no doubt related to German kratzen ‘scratch’, and both probably had their origins in imitation of the sound of scratching.

scratch (v.)

c. 1400, probably a fusion of Middle English scratten and crachen, both meaning "to scratch," both of uncertain origin. Related: Scratched; scratching. Billiards sense of "to hit the cue ball into a pocket" is first recorded 1909 (also, originally, itch), though earlier it meant "a lucky shot" (1850). Meaning "to withdraw (a horse) from a race" is 1865, from notion of scratching name off list of competitors; used in a non-sporting sense of "cancel a plan, etc." from 1680s. To scratch the surface "make only slight progress in penetrating or understanding" is from 1882. To scratch (one's) head as a gesture of perplexity is recorded from 1712.

scratch (n.)

1580s, "slight skin tear produced by a sharp thing," from scratch (v.). Meaning "mark or slight furrow in metal, etc." is from 1660s. American English slang sense of "money" is from 1914, of uncertain signification. Many figurative senses (such as up to scratch, originally "ready to meet one's opponent") are from sporting use for "line or mark drawn as a starting place," attested from 1778 (but the earliest use is figurative); meaning "nothing" (as in from scratch) is 1918, generalized from specific 19c. sporting sense of "starting point of a competitor who receives no odds in a handicap match." Sense in billiards is from 1850. Scratch-pad is attested from 1883.

Scratch (n.2)

in Old Scratch "the Devil," 1740, from earlier Scrat, from Old Norse skratte "goblin, wizard," a word which was used in late Old English to gloss "hermaphrodite;" probably originally "monster" (compare Old High German scraz, scrato "satyr, wood demon," German Schratt, Old High German screz "a goblin, imp, dwarf;" borrowed from Germanic into Slavic, as in Polish skrzat "a goblin").

1. My mother always made me feel I wasn't coming up to scratch.

母亲总是使我觉得自己不够优秀。

来自柯林斯例句

2. The old man lifted his cardigan to scratch his side.

老人撩起开襟毛衣挠了挠身体的一侧。

来自柯林斯例句

3. Building a home from scratch can be both exciting and challenging.

建立一个全新的家庭既让人兴奋又富于挑战。

来自柯林斯例句

4. Knives will scratch the worktop.

小刀会在工作台上留下划痕。

来自柯林斯例句

5. Scratch my back—I've got an itch.

帮我挠挠背——有点痒。

来自柯林斯例句